The recording of fluid balance/intake-output

Assessment of fluid balance requires close observation and monitoring of the patient, recognising that certain groups of patients such as the elderly and children are at particular risk. Patient assessment must be guided by an understanding of the basic principles of normal physiology and how illness or injury can cause fluid/electrolyte imbalance. Nursing assessment of fluid balance must include knowledge of the history of the patient, careful examination and clinical observation and an understanding of the significance of laboratory data. (Place and Field 1997)