A review on biosensors and recent development

A biosensor is a device that combines a receptor and a transducer to transform a biological reaction into an electrical signal. Because of the broad variety of biosensor applications, such as health care and illness diagnostics, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and medication delivery, the design and development of biosensors has taken center stage for researchers and scientists in the last decade. The main challenges in biosensor development are I efficient biorecognition signal capture and transformation into electrochemical, electrical, optical, gravimetric, or acoustic signals (transduction process), and (ii) improving transducer performance (i.e., increasing sensitivity, shorter response time, reproducibility, and low detection limits even to detect biorecognition signals). These problems may be solved by combining sensing technologies with nanomaterials that vary in size from zero to three dimensional, have a high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent conductivities, shock-bearing properties, and color tunability. Nanoparticles (NPs) (high stability and carrier capacity), nanowires (NWs) and nanorods (NRs) (high detection sensitivity), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity), and quantum dots (QDs) are some of the nanomaterials (NMs) used in the fabrication of nanobiosensors (color tunability). Furthermore, these nanomaterials may function as transduction elements in and of themselves. This review summarizes the evolution of biosensors, the different types of biosensors based on their receptors and transducers, and modern biosensor approaches that use nanomaterials such as NPs (e.g., noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs), NWs, NRs, CNTs, QDs, and dendrimers, as well as their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion.