ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Bio fertilisers play an important role in worldwide food production because they provide rapid nutrition for plants, allowing them to develop more quickly and efficiently. While there have been negative effects associated with the excessive and imbalanced usage of these synthetic inputs. Furthermore, continuing to use conventional chemical fertilisers disturbs soil ecology, decreases soil fertility, has serious health effects, and pollutes ground water. Current soil management practices largely depend on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which pose a serious health and environmental danger. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, have a number of negative consequences, including pollution, global warming, soil microbial diversity, and so on. Furthermore, because of its microbial dispersion and role in the degradation of soil environmental sustainability, it influenced the dynamics of soil plants. The function of bio fertilizers in stimulating different growth and defence genes in signalling networks of cellular pathways, which leads to cellular responses and thus crop improvement, such as plant growth and productivity, nutrient profiles, plant defence and protective characteristics, has been highlighted in this review. The information gained from the literature reviewed here will enable us to acquire a better understanding of the physiological underpinnings of bio fertilizers, reducing the challenges associated with their usage.