1Department of Orthodontics, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra pradesh, India
2Department of Orthodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
3Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Kadapa, Andhra pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author: Dr. V. Karunakar Reddy, professor, Department of Orthodontics, Narayana Dental college, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh-625104. Email: suneelkv55@gmail.com, Phone No: 91 9849066583
Online published on 16 February, 2015.
Orthodontists have their own preferences in selecting the reference line for evaluation of the upper and lower lip in treatment planning and post treatment results. The reference line should provide the orthodontist with objective assessment of the facial esthetics. The reference plane selected should be sensitive, reliable with consistency. The commonly used reference line are: Rickett's E-line, Holdaway's line, Steiner's S1-line, Burstone's B-line and Sushner's S2-line and Merrified Z-angle. This article reviews the planes and the studies evaluating them.
Lips, Holdway, steiner, Ricketts, Burstone, Sushner, Merifield
