Use of nano-fertilizer technology for achieving higher nutrient use efficiency in crops

Fertilizer being the major determinant of yield has gained much attention in research since long time. Though the research has achieved high productivity still the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is surprisingly low. The nutrient use efficiency of N, P and K stand still at 30-35%, 18-20% and 35-49% respectively. Nanotechnology is a new emerging and fascinating field of science that permits advanced research and nanotechnological discoveries which could open up novel applications in the field of biotechnology and agriculture. Nanotechnology, utilizes nanomaterials of less than 100 nm size, may offer an unprecedented opportunity to develop concentrated sources of plant nutrients i.e., Nano-fertilizers having higher-absorption rate, NUE and minimum losses. Nano-fertilizers or nano-encapsulated nutrients might have novel properties that are effective to crops, controlled release of chemical nutrients and release nutrients on demand that regulate plant growth and enhance target activity. Nano-fertilizers accrue their unique properties from their smaller size, high specific surface area, high surface energy and high solubility. Owing to these unique properties, their uptake by plants is increased. Studies show that the use of Nano-fertilizers such as nano zeolites, nano NPK, IFFCO nano N, Zn, Cu etc., causes an increase in growth characters, yield and yield attributes, NUE, crop quality and minimizes the potential negative effects associated with over dosage and reduces the frequency of the application of chemical fertilizers. Two approaches were established for the synthesis of nano-materials; they are synthesized either by the Top-down approach (i.e., breaking down of bulk materials into small pieces by applying an external force), or by the Bottom-up approach (combining and gathering of gas or liquid atoms or molecules). Nano-fertilizers can be applied easily through soil, foliar spray or drip irrigation. Foliar spray of one kilo dose of nano chelated super fertilizer containing 12 nutrients was optimum for growth, yield, nutrient uptake and agronomic efficiency of one-hectare wheat crop compared to conventional fertilizer and bio stimulators. Nano fertilizer have large surface area and particle size less than the pore size of root and leaves of the plant which can increase penetration into the plant from applied surface and improve uptake and NUE. Nano-fertilizers can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and sustain the soil productivity. By providing balanced nutrition, Nano-fertilizers enable the induced systemic resistance in plants for combating various biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, Nano-fertilizers reduces the requirement of conventional chemical fertilizer by 50%, increases the crop production by 15-30% and also reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of Nano-fertilizers is likely to increase the crop productivity and may prove to be economical for the farmers.