Carbon nanotubes in biomedicine

Biomaterials have now become an important component in a wide range of biological, preclinical, and clinical applications. The employment of nanoparticles in these areas has a lot of promise, owing to the high ratio of surface atoms, which changes the physicochemical characteristics and enhances chemical reactivity. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of them, and they've shown to be a strong tool for improving biomedical approaches to the treatment of a variety of illnesses. CNTs have a high capacity to permeate cell membranes, and the sp2 hybridization of all carbons allows them to interact with virtually any biomolecule or chemical, enabling them to target cells and deliver medicines under the right conditions.Nanotubes are also being investigated as a load in nanocomposite materials, enhancing their mechanical and electrical characteristics, or even for direct usage as scaffolds in human tissue synthesis, in the emerging promising area of artificial biomaterial creation. Nonetheless, despite their beneficial contributions, some major concerns about CNTs' solubility in water, low biodegradability and dispersity, and toxicity issues associated with CNTs' interaction with biomolecules in body tissues, including potential effects on the proteome and genome, must be addressed in order to accelerate their clinical development. This study examines a large body of literature to highlight the most important and recent developments in the optimum design and characterization of carbon nanotubes with biomedical applications, as well as their capabilities in many preclinical research fields.