Ethnic affinities of kazakhs and karakalpaks

In the lower reaches of the Amudarya and Syrdarya, there are oases - the centers of an ancient sedentary civilization. On the periphery of the oases there are desert and semi-desert areas: the western part of the Kyzylkum desert, the northern part of the Karakum desert, the eastern part of the Ustyurt plateau, as well as the northern coast of the Aral Sea. The northeastern limits of the Aral Sea area enter a part of the Turan lowland adjacent to the Aral Sea [1, 34].