Beyond Chromatograms: Green Analytical Frontiers in the Nutraceutical Era

The global nutraceutical sector is undergoing a paradigm shift from conventional, resource-intensive analytical practices to sustainable, green approaches that align with environmental, economic, and ethical imperatives. This review examines the application of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles in nutraceutical analysis, focusing on innovative extraction methods, miniaturized and solvent-free techniques, AI-assisted workflows, and blockchain-enabled transparency. It critically examines the limitations of classical chromatographic techniques (HPLC, GC-MS, TLC) in terms of solvent consumption, waste generation, and energy demand, while showcasing greener alternatives such as FTIR, NIR, Raman spectroscopy, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). Analytical challenges, ranging from matrix complexity, bioavailability issues, and compound stability to regulatory validation and scalability, are addressed through advancements in chemometrics, portable devices, and real-time monitoring platforms. The review emphasizes the growing demand for clean-label, traceable nutraceuticals and the role of digital innovations, including AI-driven optimization and digital twin simulations, in reducing waste and trial costs. Cross-sector collaboration between academia, industry, and regulatory bodies (EFSA, FDA, FSSAI) is advocated to mainstream sustainable practices, establish ISO-certified green methodologies, and harmonize global standards. By moving beyond chromatograms to environmentally conscious, technologically advanced analytics, the nutraceutical industry can ensure product efficacy, consumer safety, and long-term ecological balance.