Lantana camara: A Pharmacological Powerhouse with Toxicological Challenges – A Comprehensive

Wild sage, or Lantana camara var. aculeata Moldenke, is a woody perennial plant that grows naturally in tropical and subtropical areas. It was first brought to India as a decorative plant, but it has since spread far and invaded a variety of environments. The morphology, reproductive biology, phytochemical composition, traditional usage, and wide range of medicinal activity of the plant are all well covered in this review. In preclinical research, several L. camara extracts have shown strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antiparasitic properties. Its medicinal qualities are influenced by substances like triterpenoids, flavonoids, oleanonic acid, and essential oils. To improve distribution and efficacy, formulations such as gels, ointments, nanogels, and transdermal patches have been created. However, despite these promising activities, toxicological studies reveal potential risks at high doses, including hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, and alterations in biochemical parameters, particularly in animal models. Morphological and phytochemical variations due to polyploidy and geographic origin add complexity to its standardization. Future research must focus on isolating bioactive constituents, understanding mechanisms of action, evaluating long-term safety, and conducting human clinical trials. While L. camara holds vast therapeutic promise, responsible use requires a balance between efficacy and safety, particularly when considering its integration into modern and traditional medicine.