Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnostic Standards and Therapy

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an extremely uncommon immune-mediated condition that primarily affects previously healthy people and is characterised by progressive muscle weakness and peripheral nerve system demyelination. It is severe enough to require hospitalization for treatment and typically manifests as ascending paralysis. GBS affects 1.1 to 1.8 out of every 100,000 people annually, and the frequency rises with age. Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP), Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN), Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN), and Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS) are all included in the diverse clinical spectrum of GBS. Patients of all ages often experience the disease's hallmark, symmetrical limb weakness, which develops quickly and lasts for days to four weeks. Additionally, the majority of patients have sensory issues including tingling or a lackluster sensation. Acute flaccid paralysis is now most frequently caused by GBS in affluent nations. GBS is still a serious illness even with better diagnosis and care. Effective therapies include plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, although supportive care both during and after hospitalization is also highly important. In this article we review the current understanding of pathophysiology and clinical features of GBS and its variants.