Niosome: A Comprehensive Review of Development, Characterization and Applications

Niosomes were introduced as an alternative to traditional colloidal drug carriers such as emulsions, liposomes, and polymer-based systems. Niosomes offer enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release while overcoming limitations of conventional carriers. Niosomes are vesicular drug carriers composed of non-ionic surfactants, providing targeted and sustained drug release. The article explores strategies to minimize adverse effects using optimized manufacturing methods like thin-film hydration, reverse phase evaporation, and microfluidization. Advanced analytical techniques like electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance are employed to characterize niosomes. This study evaluates niosome production techniques, drug loading efficiency, encapsulation ability, and controlled release properties, with a particular focus on drug delivery mechanisms. Topical niosomal gels are developed to enhance drug permeation, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. While conventional gels suffer from poor skin permeability, potential allergic reactions, and limited plasma drug concentration, niosomes improve drug retention, prevent enzymatic degradation, and develop penetration of larger molecules. This study highlights the possibility of niosomes as a potential drug delivery system for topical and systemic applications