A Comprehensive Review on Techniques to Assess Thermal and Flammability behaviour of Materials

The assessment of thermal and flammability behaviour plays a crucial role in determining the safety, stability, and performance of materials across various applications. This review explores the main techniques used to assess both thermal behaviour and flammability of materials. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are extensively used to investigate material behaviour under controlled heating conditions. These methods offer insights into thermal decomposition, phase transitions, and energy changes associated with physical or chemical transformations. In addition, the review covers standard flammability test methods, including the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The LOI and UL-94 tests are often used for quick screening and material classification based on their ignition and self-extinguishing characteristics. The Cone calorimeter test provides more detailed quantitative data such as heat release rate, ignition time, mass loss, and smoke production under well-ventilated conditions that simulates real fire conditions. Each test method offers distinct advantages and limitations depending on the specific fire scenario or thermal evaluation required. Systematic comparison of these techniques is presented to highlight their relevance, accuracy, and applicability to real-world conditions. The aim is to support researchers and engineers in selecting appropriate testing practices for material development, quality control, and compliance with fire safety standards. By integrating findings from the literature, this review contributes to a good understanding of how analytical and flammability tests complement each other in the comprehensive assessment of material behaviour under thermal and fire exposure.