The Impact of Bacteriospermia on Sperm Survival and DNA Fragmentation in Subfertile Men

Bacteriospermia, or the presence of bacteria in the semen, is often overlooked in male subfertility. This review synthesizes research on the impact of bacteriospermia on sperm parameters, particularly sperm survival and DNA fragmentation, in subfertile men. Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, are commonly detected in unexplained infertility. These pathogens induce inflammatory responses in the male reproductive tract, thereby reactive oxygen species levels. Increased ROS levels are linked to reduced sperm motility, decreased viability, and heightened DNA fragmentation, which are all critical factors in male fertility. Quantitative studies have consistently shown that men with bacteriospermia exhibit higher DNA fragmentation indices than those without bacteriospermia. Treatment targeting these infections is correlated with improved sperm quality and reduced DNA fragmentation, highlighting the direct impact of bacteriospermia on sperm health. These findings underscore the need for routine bacteriospermia screening in male subfertility assessments and highlight the potential benefits of antimicrobial therapy. Studies have shown that men with bacteriospermia exhibit up to a 40% increase in the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and a 30% decrease in sperm motility compared with uninfected men. Future research should include longitudinal cohort studies to establish causal relationships and optimize treatment protocols.