In Spain, private vehicles and greenhouse gas emissions are a losing battle

In 2016, the Madrid area, which comprises the capital and neighboring cities, had over 4 million private automobiles, in addition to around a million trucks, motorbikes, and vans. With up to 2.5 million vehicles, the current scenario in Barcelona is comparable. Both nations (and two of Spain's most populated towns) have started to consider severe measures to decrease vehicle exhaust pollution. In reality, certain measures (inadequate and controversial) were previously taken in 2016. It's safe to say that the battle against pollution has started. Are there going to be any winners? And how did they get to this point of no return? This study attempts to depict the development of greenhouse gas emissions in these sample nations, taking into account variables such as urbanization and economic crises.