Technological Advancement in Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis: An Overview

Mastitis caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. The inflammation of a cow’s udder and mammary glands, known as bovine mastitis, is typically brought on by bacterial infections. The clinical and subclinical signs and symptoms of the disease serve as the foundation for regular diagnosis. This emphasizes how important it is to identify and quickly find etiological agents at the farm level; many advance diagnostic methods have been developed for this purpose such as infra-red thermography (IRT), proteomic based diagnosis, sequencing, nanotechnology based diagnosis, specific Immunoassays, sensor for mastitis detection, enzymatic biomarker, specific culture, polymerase chain reaction, micro-RNA based diagnosis, Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and High resolution-melt analysis. Mastitis is multi-etiological complex disease as it is the outcome of interaction of various factors: the host, pathogens and the environment. The disease is characterized by physical, chemical and bacteriological changes in the milk and pathological changes in the glandular tissue of the udder. The global prevalence of clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) was 15% and 42%, respectively. Buffaloes are thought to be less prone to mastitis compare to cow. Improved milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection and maintenance of milking machinery are all general methods to avoid new cases of mastitis.