Late Blight of Potato Caused by Phytophthora infestans and its Integrated Management: A Review

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a crucial global food source, is significantly threatened by late blight, a disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. This historically devastating pathogen leads to severe crop losses and economic damage worldwide. Late blight manifests as water-soaked lesions on potato leaves, stems and tubers, resulting in extensive tissue damage and crop failure. The pathogen’s ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually enhances its adaptability and persistence. Effective management of late blight requires a comprehensive approach, integrating cultural practices, chemical control, biological controls and genetic resistance. Key cultural methods include crop rotation, field sanitation and the use of disease-free seed potatoes. While chemical controls are useful, their effectiveness is challenged by the growing resistance to fungicides, particularly metalaxyl. Biological control offers a promising alternative, with several microorganisms showing effectiveness in combating P. infestans. Breeding efforts focus on developing resistant potato varieties, with biotechnology advancements like CRISPR/Cas9 providing new opportunities to enhance resistance. Recent advancements in epidemiological modeling, such as the JHULSACAST system, assist in predicting late blight outbreaks and optimizing management strategies. Sustainable management emphasizes reducing chemical fungicide use and promoting eco-friendly practices. Continued research and collaboration among scientists, farmers and policymakers are crucial for mitigating late blight’s impact and ensuring the long-term sustainability of potato production.