Unlocking the Health Potential of Foxtail Millet: Phytopharmacology, Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Applications: A Review

Foxtail millet, a nutrient-dense and drought-resistant cereal, has gained recognition for its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic properties. This review comprehensively examines its bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fibers, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Advanced analytical techniques such as HPLC-MS, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy have enabled precise characterization of these phytochemicals, enhancing our understanding of their health benefits. The grain's low glycemic index and gluten-free nature make it ideal for diabetes management and celiac patients. Additionally, its cardioprotective effects, mediated through cholesterol reduction and blood pressure regulation, highlight its potential in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The prebiotic fiber and resistant starch in foxtail millet promote gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota and producing short-chain fatty acids. Despite its benefits, challenges such as antinutritional factors and bioavailability limitations persist. Processing techniques like fermentation can mitigate these issues. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction methods, clinical validation of health benefits and developing fortified food products. With its rich phytopharmacological profile and sustainable cultivation, foxtail millet emerges as a promising functional food for addressing global nutritional security and metabolic health challenges.