1College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110, UP
2Faculty of Science and Technology, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: sgupta01mbge@gmail.com
Online published on 6 March, 2026.
Classical genetics, rooted in Mendelian principles and quantitative models, is a mathematically structured framework for studying heredity and phenotypic variation. From a mathematician’s perspective, its elegance lies in transforming biological observations into algebraic and statistical systems. In the genomic era, classical genetics provides the scaffolding to interpret high-dimensional genomic data, bridging genotypes and phenotypes. This review defines classical genetics, highlights its enduring importance, and explores how mathematical tools like statistical genetics, algebraic geometry, persistent homology, and genetic algebras etc. advance its applications. These tools and their roles in modeling epistasis, recombination, and population dynamics has been summarized in this review. With the help of mathematical tools, classical genetics can address complex genetic interactions, enhancing future applications by emphasizing interdisciplinary mathematical approaches to unlock new insights into genetic systems.
Classical Genetics, Stochastic Processes, Algebraic topology, network theory, Bayesian Statistics and Birational Geometry
