Weed control for yield and profit maximization in wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Indian Himalayas

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2003–06 at Almora, Uttarakhand to evaluate the productivity, profitability and energetics under different weed management practices in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori & Paol). Two improved intercultural tools viz., wheel hoe and long handle khurpi along with tank mix isoproturon (0.75 kg/ha) + 2, 4 D (0.5 kg/ha) and farmers’ practice (2 manual weedings with kutla at 30–35 & 55–60 days after sowing) were studied for their effectiveness as compared to a weedy check management practice. The maximum decrease in weed population (86.9%) and weed dry matter (78.8%) was recorded with isoproturon + 2, 4-D application. However, it failed to enchance wheat productivity markedly over farmers practice. Net return and B:C ratio were significantly more under weed management through isoproturon + 2, 4-D, however, energy use efficiency was highest under long handle khurpi.