Agriculture Based Livelihood Systems in Drylands - Challenges and Strategies

Dryland agriculture is a complicated and uncertain system made up of crops, horticulture trees, livestock and vegetables. India’s total geographic area is 328 million hectares, of which 228 million hectares are dryland (UNCCD). A livelihood system is the total combination of activities undertaken by a typical household to ensure a living. Most rural households have several income earners, who pursue a combination of crop and livestock, farm, off-farm and non-farm activities in different seasons to earn a living. Agriculture based livelihood activities occupy a very significant position in the economic development of the Indian economy as agriculture sector has a high employment potential. This paper emphasises the challenges and strategies in agriculture-based livelihood systems in drylands. According to the findings, the primary challenges are land degradation, climate risk, low animal productivity, and output variability. The most important strategies for agriculture-based livelihood systems in drylands are to promote integrated farming systems, boost allied agricultural activities, increase income through dryland horticulture, and integrate on-farm and off-farm activities. In order to promote equitable development, dryland areas require “a paradigm shift from a ‘commodity-centred Green revolution’ to an ‘Integrated resource management and farming Systems-centred rainbow revolution’. Farming areas in dry regions require much more attention.

⓿ Dryland agriculture in India covers 69% of the land but struggles with water scarcity, climate variability, and frequent droughts.

⓿ Despite these challenges, dryland regions significantly contribute to national food production and livelihoods.

⓿ Proposed solutions include integrated farming systems, climate-resilient crops, and improved market access for smallholder farmers.