Artemia salina lethality and histopathological studies on Bacopa monnieri leaf extract

Bacopa monnieri leaf aqueous and methanolic extractions at 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours were determined for the highest amount of total phenolic compound and used for evaluating the toxicity test against Artemia salina at varied concentrations as 0, 5, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2, 500 and 5, 000 ppm, by determining the median and 90% lethal concentration, LC₅₀ and LC ₉₀, respectively, within 24 hours. The result revealed that the total phenolic compound measurements in 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours were 70.58+2.74, 70.52+1.63, 67.11+2.51 and 79.01+2.87 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of aqueous extractions, and 37.88+1.57, 43.08+2.74, 45.86+2.68 and 55.31+3.60 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of methanolic extractions, respectively. Due to the highest amount of total phenolic compound, the 24-hour aqueous extract of B. monnieri leaf expressed the 24-h LC₅₀ and LC ₉₀ values in A. salina and they were 3, 577.90 and 6, 440.22 ppm, respectively. Under histological analysis, pathological lesions like cellular swelling, and elongation of the epithelial cells and edema were observed. More additional, cells protruding into the lumen and absence of microvilli were also found.