1Department of Livestock Farm Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram-521 102, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Animal Nutrition, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram-521 102, Andhra Pradesh, India
3Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lam, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Guntur-522 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
4Department of Poultry Science, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram-521 102, Andhra Pradesh, India
5Department of Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Dispensary, Taticherla- 523 356, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author: C. Anil Kumar, Department of Livestock Farm Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram-521 102, Andhra Pradesh, India, Email: anilmanas@gmail.com
Online published on 23 January, 2026.
Palm kernel cake is a high-fibre and medium-grade protein feed available at a cheaper price. Determining the optimum quantity of palm kernel cake inclusion levels could help in designing sustainable livestock-feeding systems. The studies related to its use in buffaloes are scarce. Considering the indispensable role of buffaloes in enhancing the Indian economy, the current study is aimed at finding the optimum level of palm kernel cake inclusion in rations of buffaloes.
In a 4×4 LSD, four graded Murrah buffalo bulls (4 yrs; 329±10.4 kg) were fed maintenance rations comprising Super Napier and concentrate mixture. A concentrate mixture with 20% CP was prepared using conventional feed ingredients and is used as control. De-oiled palm kernel cake (DPKC) is incorporated at 0, 15, 30 and 45 per cent level to study the effect of feeding DPKC on nutrient utilization, mineral (calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen) balance and rumen fluid parameters (TVFA and nitrogen dynamics).
The DPKC diets did not affect nutrient intakes; however, decreased the nutrient digestibility coefficients. The nitrogen outgo was higher and the N retention and per cent absorbed was lower for DPKC-included diets. No effects were observed on the calcium and phosphorus balance of diets. A linearly decreased pattern of TVFA and total nitrogen was observed with increased levels of DPKC. Further, the diets did not affect food and protozoal N and residual N of rumen liquor.
Agro-industrial byproducts, Nutrient digestibility, Ruminants, Rumen physiology
