Serum Biochemical, Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Dynamics of Murrah Buffaloes during Periparturient Period

The transition period represents a critical physiological phase in dairy buffaloes, characterized by profound metabolic, biochemical, oxidative and immunological adaptations to support parturition and the onset of lactation. The present study evaluated dynamic changes in serum biochemical parameters, negative energy balance indicators, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines in murrah buffaloes during the transition period under Indian rearing conditions.

Twelve clinically healthy Murrah buffaloes were monitored from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum, with blood samples collected at six defined time points (-21, -7, 0, +7, +14 and +21 days relative to calving) to study evaluated serum biochemical parameters, negative energy balance indicators, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines.

Significant increases in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations were observed around calving and early postpartum, indicating pronounced negative energy balance. Concurrent declines in serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins, along with alterations in protein fractions, liver enzyme activities and mineral levels, reflected metabolic stress and hepatic adaptation. Oxidative stress was evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde concentrations and a transient reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities during early lactation. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines showed marked modulation, with reduced pro-inflammatory markers and elevated anti-inflammatory responses at calving, suggesting temporary immunosuppression. Overall, the findings highlight the complex interplay between energy metabolism, oxidative stress and immune regulation during the transition period in Murrah buffaloes and emphasize the need for targeted nutritional and management strategies to mitigate metabolic and health disorders during early lactation.