Evaluation of Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) Morphometry in Aksaray Malakli Dogs with 3D Modeling Method

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) cervical vertebrae in Aksaray Malakli dogs. Using advanced three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning technology, the research provides detailed and breed-specific anatomical data for this unique dog breed.

Seven atlas and seven axis bones were collected from adult Aksaray Malakli dogs and scanned using a color 3D surface scanner. High-resolution digital models of each bone were generated and a total of 25 linear and one angular osteometric measurements were performed on each model using specialized 3D analysis software. To ensure measurement reliability, all parameters were measured three times by the same researcher and intra-observer agreement was high for both vertebrae [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.75].

Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses identified significant structural relationships among several morphometric parameters. Comparative assessments demonstrated that certain morphometric features of Malaklı dogs differ considerably from those of other dog breeds and mammalian species. Notably, the dens-to-axis length ratio (DALR) and dens angle (DA) values provided critical insights into the predisposition of large breed dogs to atlantoaxial instability. Furthermore, the study confirmed the high reliability and repeatability of measurements obtained via 3D surface scanning. These findings establish essential baseline data for future anatomical investigations and offer novel comparative information on the morphometry of the Aksaray Malakli breed.