Medical Research Misconduct: A Review Study on Duplicate Publications

Fraud and Misconduct broadly encompasses plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, duplication, salami, gift and ghost authorship. In 2010 in Singapore a second World Conference on Research Integrity attended by more than 50 countries resolved the definition of research conduct as “Researchers should report to the appropriate authorities any suspected research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification or plagiarism, and other irresponsible research practices that undermine the trustworthiness of research, such as carelessness, improperly listing authors, failing to report conflicting data, or the use of misleading analytical methods.”