Avian Influenza in India: A Comprehensive Review of Past Trends, Current Challenges, and Future Outlook

Avian Influenza (AVI), commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral infection with significant pandemic potential and devastating impacts on poultry and birds. Outbreaks in domesticated birds are particularly concerning as Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (LPAI) can evolve into High Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAI), leading to rapid spread and severe outbreaks in poultry populations. Effective containment requires swift actionand strict precautions when handling infected birds or materials. While AVI viruses generally do not replicate efficiently in humans, making direct transmission rare, certain strains like H5N1 and H7N9 have demonstrated the ability to cross species barriers and infect humans. Recently, the first documented case of H5N8 transmission from birds to humans has raised further concerns. This highlights the need to examine strain variations, disease severity, economic losses, and effective control strategies. AVI causes high mortality rates in birds, often wiping out entire flocks within days and resulting in substantial economic losses for poultry farmers. Transmission to humans typically occurs through direct contact with infected birds or their droppings. Ducks, geese, and migratory birds are primary vectors for the spread of the virus. Addressing AVI requires a comprehensive approach to mitigate its impact on both animal and human health.