Groundwater recharge prospects for sustainable Rabi crop planning in semi-arid regions

India experiences water scarcity though the average annual rainfall of the country is 1170 mm which is higher than the global average of 800 mm. Groundwater is utilized for irrigation in approximately 60% of the net irrigated area, with several districts classified under the over-exploited groundwater category. Hence, in-situ moisture conservation, critical irrigation using harvested rainwater, optimal groundwater management and recharging of aquifers are very essential for the sustainability of water resources. The planning of rabi crops depends upon the residual moisture content in the soil and the availability of surface and ground water. Since it is impossible to measure groundwater recharge directly and numerous methods which are complex, costly and needs huge data have been used to estimate recharge. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate groundwater recharge prospects by considering the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the selected region to support the sustainable planning of rabi crops such as rice, wheat, mustard and rapeseed. These crops are typically cultivated under well-irrigated systems. Significant spatial variation in groundwater recharge prospects was observed during 2022 and 2023. In comparison to 2022, the number of districts classified under the normal category decreased considerably in 2023 due to drought conditions.