Indian Journal of Entomology

Exophilic behaviour was observed in An. sundaicus, while endophilic, endophagic, and anthropophilic behaviours were found across all Anopheles sp. species at the study site. Environmental factors such as temperature, air humidity, wind speed, rainfall, and habitat type significantly affected the density of Anopheles sp. The mosquitoes exhibited both anthropophilic (feeding on human blood) and zoophilic (feeding on animal blood) behaviours, particularly in areas with livestock nearby. Anopheles sp. are predominantly exophagic and active at night (from 18:00 to 06:00), with peak biting times varying depending on the species. Most Anopheles sp. were found resting outdoors (exophilic), particularly on the outer walls of houses and in livestock pens. The environmental characteristics of Anopheles sp. breeding sites included lagoons, swamps, and flooded rice fields, with either clear or turbid water conditions and aquatic vegetation present.