Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes Aegypti L. Across Southeast Asia: Mechanisms and Implications for Vector Control

Dengue poses a significant public health challenge in Southeast Asia, accounting for a substantial portion of the global dengue burden. The primary vector, Aedes aegypti, is targeted by pyrethroid-based insecticides in regional vector control programs. This review draws upon relevant studies identified through a targeted search of Google Scholar up to December 2024. The evidence highlights several resistance mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations, including knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, which encompass both novel and co-occurring variants in the voltage-gated sodium channel, as well as metabolic resistance mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), esterases (ESTs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Additionally, behavioral avoidance and cuticular penetration resistance have been reported. The collective findings emphasize the urgent need for continuous resistance monitoring and the implementation of adaptive, integrated vector management strategies to preserve the effectiveness of dengue control efforts in Southeast Asia.