Effect of Micro Plastics and Nano Plastics in Terrestrial Animals, Birds, Human and Implications on Integrated Functional Ecosystem

The impact of micro plastics (MPs) on the bivalve larvae at different developmental stages throughout their life history, especially for the metamorphic stage is not at all available. In organisms, consequences of plastic ingestion include exposure to environmental pollutants and toxin accumulation, causing endocrine disruption, inflammatory and physiological stress. The transfer of micro plastics has been shown to transfer across food webs, however, the micro plastic accumulations across terrestrial food webs have examined but it has limited studies only. The different type of micro plastic exposure, exposure time, as well as physiological and behavioral differences among organisms exposed to micro plastics can show some of these differences in effects. If the organism ingested by the micro plastics, its interact within the gastrointestinal tracts differently in terms of the anatomy and structure of the tract, its mechanical action, transit time and chemical enzymatic action. Further, the characteristics of micro plastics such as size, shape, solubility, and surface properties also play an important role in the toxicity of micro plastics. Micro plastic pollution in the soils harms the fitness of multiple soil organisms, animals and birds underscoring the ecological risk posed by micro plastics within terrestrial ecosystems.