Diel Activity Patterns of Himalayan Ibex and Livestock in the Trans-Himalayan Landscape of Himachal Pradesh, India

Understanding the activity patterns of coexisting species is essential for advancing our comprehension of species ecology and aiding in the development of effective conservation strategies. This holds true for ungulates that inhabit areas beyond protected zones, where human activities pose threats to their survival. Moreover, livestock grazing ranks among the most prevalent human activities in terms of land utilization. In the Lahaul-Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh, situated in the trans-Himalayan landscape of India, a total of 241 camera traps were strategically positioned. These camera traps captured bimodal activity patterns in both the Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica) and livestock, encompassing crepuscular and diurnal behaviors. Nonetheless, the overlap coefficient, exceeding 0.7, signified a significant degree of overlap between Himalayan Ibex and livestock during both seasons. This study unveiled the striking similarity in activity patterns between wild Himalayan ibex and livestock, indicative of their comparable resource utilization. Consequently, the findings of this study emphasize the necessity for well-devised conservation planning aimed at fostering the long-term survival of wild ungulates.