Optimizing Water and Energy use in Rice Production through Direct Seeding in Punjab, India

Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) presents a sustainable alternative to Puddled Transplanted Rice (PTR), offering significant reductions in water and energy use in rice production. This study rigorously evaluates the effectiveness of DSR in optimizing resource use, lowering production costs, and enhancing energy use efficiency (EUE) in Punjab, a region critically challenged by water scarcity and energy demands. Employing a multi-stage random sampling method across varied agricultural settings in Punjab, the research quantifies inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, water, and fuel, alongside outputs like grain and straw. DSR not only reduces groundwater and energy consumption by approximately 30% compared to PTR but also curtails labor and irrigation costs by up to 20%. The economic analysis highlights reduction in cost per kilogram of rice produced under DSR, reinforcing its financial viability. The broader implications of these results suggest that DSR could play a crucial role in transforming rice cultivation into a more sustainable practice across similar agro-ecological zones. The study indicates viable solution for regions facing environmental and economic challenges due to traditional rice farming methods.