Indian Odonata: Diversity, Ecology, and Conservation Challenges

Odonata is one of the most ancient groups of flying insects, with fossil records dating back to the Permian era (299-251 million years ago). Classified into three suborders based on morphology: the Anisozygoptera, Zygoptera, and Anisoptera, they are amphibious hemi- metabolic insects having the aquatic egg and larval stages, while the adults are terrestrial. Among the Anisozygoptera, Epiophlebia laidlawi Tillyard 1921, one of only four known species, is found in Darjeeling. This review summarizes literature of last 30 years and reveals: (i) the total diversity of species encountered remains very small- 508, considering country’s large area as well as the multitude of habitat kinds; (ii) only 12 species of dragon flies and 14 species of damselflies find mention as rare, endangered, and threatened species (RET), while a very significant number (179) have been categorized as data deficient or not evaluated. The limited recorded diversity and conservation status of Indian odonates reflect a lack of comprehensive research, even in terms of basic inventorization. Most studies focus solely on species inventorization, overlooking ecological aspects. This paper highlights the urgent need for in-depth studies addressing habitat types and environmental changes. Addressing these gaps is crucial to safeguard these bioindicators and ensure the sustainability of freshwater ecosystems.