The technological advancement in applications of membrane processes was efficiently explored in recent decades due to huge demand for potable water. However, relatively little improvements have been reported in the management and handling of the major by-product, called reject water or brine. The disposal or management of desalination brine (concentrate) is expensive and faces major environmental challenges. In spite of the scale of this economical and environmental problem, the options for brine management have been limited. This brief review presents an overview of the existing methods on brine treatment, minimization, and disposal practices based on the newest and most updated technologies. In addition, the review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the most common treatment and disposal methods from an environmental perspective.
Best Available Technologies, Brine Discharge, Brine Minimization Practices, Brine Treatment, Membrane Technology, Reject Water, Reverse Osmosis, Salt Recovery
