Water quality management of river Kshipra (India)

River Kshipra is receiving a large volume of untreated sewage daily in its stretch of Ujjain city and the status of water is pathetic during low flow season. In this paper, various water quality management approaches i.e. Defensive approaches and Proactive Approaches are being described. Defensive approaches relates to the generation of additional flow in the river either naturally or artificially. Various Proactive approaches may also be adopted for cleaning of the river. The main objective of the study is to suggest approaches to bring the water quality upto bathing standard. A stream water quality model QUAL-2Kw was also used in the present study to calculate the dilution flow requirement in various scenarios. The various water quality management strategies were examined considering: (1) pollution loads modification and; (2) flow augmentation. The combination of these alternatives is necessary to curtail BOD and Pathogens and to retrieve the DO level. The QUAL-2Kw model can be used for future river water quality management options for River Kshipra with reasonable accuracy.