Traditional vs modern approaches of monitoring stagnant water - Area of new business opportunities in pool management

Nowadays, water pollution has become a global issue affecting most countries in the world especially in term of stagnant water. Water quality in any kind of accumulation need to be regularly monitored so that action can be taken before it becomes a health hazard. The objective of the review is to study various conventional and modern methods of monitoring water quality of natural water bodies and man-made water bodies such as swimming pools and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various methods available. Development of newer technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), virtual sensing, cyber-physical system (CPS), and optical techniques, have made its way in process of water quality measurement and management as well and have been replacing conventional methods. Conventional and modern methods are compared in terms of parameters, complexity, and reliability. Recent methods of water quality monitoring techniques are also reviewed to study any loopholes in modern methods. This review study found that conventional methods are costly and complex, whereas modern methods are also expensive but simpler with real-time detection. Traditional approaches are more timeconsuming and expensive due to the high maintenance of laboratory facilities, involve chemical materials, and are inefficient for on-site monitoring applications. Apart from that, previous monitoring methods have issues in achieving a reliable measurement of water quality parameters in real time. There are still limitations in instruments for detecting pollutants and producing valuable information on water quality. Thus, the review is important in order to compare earlier methods and to improve current water quality assessments in terms of reliability and cost-effectiveness with specific importance to most common man-made stagnant water body i.e., Swimming pools.