Temperature patterns of nanofluids in a square enclosure with natural convection

This paper reports a numerical study on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a square cavity filled with CuO–Water nanofluids. Both upper and lower surfaces are being insulated, whilst a uniform constant temperature field applied in horizontal walls. The governing equations of fluid flow are discretized using a finite volume method with a collocated grid arrangement. The numerical results are reported for the effect of Rayleigh number, solid volume fraction and both presence and absence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects.