Development of robots from robotic surgery to Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery: A journey

Historically, the natural evolution observed in the operating theatre began with the shaping of surgical instruments used for cutting, holding, and grasping, into articulated master-slave instruments. These new tools have been used either as passive mechanical tools or actively under the control of the surgeon. Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery (MIRS) makes use of robotic manipulators to alleviate the drawbacks associated with MIS. Improvements offered by MIRS systems include increased precision, better maneuverability and enhanced dexterity. One benefit of robotic surgery is the ability to perform tele-surgery. One of the limitations of using robots for surgery may be about the ergonomic disadvantages; associated with such complex systems and their surgical instruments. This paper deals with developments of robotic systems in all the areas of surgery by removing the limitations of past systems.