Oral Manifestations of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

The human body functions with commands from the brain via the central nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine glands secrete the metabolically active hormones which have their effects on the body, bringing about growth, immunity, health and coping with stress are to name a few. As with other diseases, any dysfunction with endocrine system or metabolism affects the oral cavity with a myriad of manifestations, some of which are non‑specific while others are pathognomonic. An overview of the common oral manifestations of endocrine and metabolic disorders is presented to enlighten the dentist regarding the various endocrine and metabolic diseases which can bring about oral changes.