A Review on Advances of Lithium Intercalated Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

Li-ion battery technology is at the focus of intensive research and development efforts by prominent research groups and industries throughout the world. To meet the increasing demand for energy storage, particularly from increasingly popular electric vehicles, intensified research is required to develop next generation Li-ion batteries with dramatically improved performances, including improved specific energy and volumetric energy density, cyclability, charging rate, stability, and safety. There are still notable challenges in the development of next-generation Li-ion batteries. In this review focused to introduce the basic concepts, highlight the recent progress, and discuss the challenges regarding Li-ion batteries. Further, discussed the performance characteristics, current limitations, and recent breakthroughs in the development of commercial intercalation materials (lithium intercalated cathode materials) such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, fundamental operating mechanisms and challenges of lithium intercalation in layered oxides, particular emphasis is given to the fundamental mechanisms behind the operation and degradation of layered intercalation electrode materials. Further, discussed the novel modifications and extensions of lithium manganese oxide spinel and various structure of lithium intercalated transition metal polyanions cathode materials and its electrochemical performance.