Mathematical Modeling and Some Novel Studies on Er³⁺ and Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Co- Doped Phosphate Glasses and Fiber Optics Amplifiers for Applications in Renewable Energy

Er³⁺ and Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Co-doped Phosphate Glasses and Fiber Optics Amplifiers have recently gained importance among the researchers working in the field of Renewable energy. Er has the electronic configuration [Xe]4f126s2, so Er³⁺ has 11 f electrons ([Xe]4f11). With such a large number of electrons in its f-shell, many different values of L, S and J are possible. The valence electron configuration of Yb⁺³ (from YbCl3) is 4f135s25p6, which has crucial implications for the chemical behaviour of Yb⁺³. Also, the size of Yb⁺³ governs its catalytic behaviour and biological applications. This paper presents the detailed scientific analysis of the related phenomena like - energy transfer efficiency, and the important breakthroughs in the subject. For the optimum utilization of these for Renewable energy, a good knowledge of these glasses and amplifiers is necessary. With this objective in view, the technical analysis of the Er³⁺ and Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Co-doped Phosphate Glasses and Fiber Optics Amplifiers have been briefly presented. In addition, some of the recent novel important studies have been reviewed.