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One important issue facing reformers, considering the restructuring of the seaports and freight railways sectors of a developing country is the creation of competition or, alternatively, avoiding the creation or preservation of monopoly power. In seaports a crucial distinction is often that between intra-port and inter-port competition; in freight railways, between competition among train operating companies over a monopoly track and competition among vertically integrated railways. In both cases it is useful to frame the issue as one of competition at the component level within an open system versus competition between closed systems. In both cases, as well, the market definition paradigm suggested by the Horizontal Merger Guidelines of the US competition agencies provides a useful framework for analysis.
