Clostridium perfringes associated enteritis in a pigeon (Columbia livia domestica): Clinical, gross and histopathological observations

Clostridium infection in pigeons is an emerging concern in avian medicine, characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and high morbidity. It is primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing potent toxins that lead to necrotizing enteritis. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of intestinal Clostridium infection in an adult domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). The bird was presented with symptoms including lethargy, decreased appetite, watery greenish droppings and progressive weight loss. Clinical examination revealed signs of dehydration, ruffled feathers and soiled vent. Post-mortem examination showed severe enteritis with haemorrhagic lesions along the small intestine and fibrinous exudates. Intestinal contents were collected and submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna for microbiological and histopathological examination. Gram staining confirmed the presence of large Gram positive rods consistent with Clostridium perfringens. Histopathological analysis revealed extensive mucosal necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and bacterial colonization in the intestinal lumen confirming clostridial enteritis. The findings highlight the pathogenic role of Clostridium perfringens in pigeons and underline the need for timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The case emphasizes the importance of incorporating routine microbial and histological evaluations in avian gastrointestinal disorders for accurate diagnosis and effective management.