Standardization of smartphone assembly for fundus imaging in dogs

The present study was done to standardize the technique of cost effective smartphone fundus imaging made from locally available materials such as PVC pipe, sand paper, glue, electrical insulation tape, smartphone with its back cover and 20D condensing lens in dogs. The dogs were examined in sternal and lateral recumbency. The fundus images were recorded in continuous video mode and later from the video screenshot the desired images were taken. The dogs were more comfortable in sternal recumbency as compared to lateral. The assembly was held perpendicular to the cornea. During examination, continuous eye globe movement and covering of cornea with nictitating membrane were the major constraints. The technique was cost-effective, handy and portable and good quality fundic images were obtained.