Introduction

As per the 2001 census, the rural population constitutes over 72 per cent of the total population of our country. Therefore, independence in energy by 2030 as urged by our Hon'ble President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam will be possible only if Indian research pays more attention to the need-based, village-based research so that each of the villages will be benefitted rather than only the samll scientific community. Generally, it has been the trend to follow the developed countries. Instead, we must tackles our own research areas in view of the available resources with us.

Every corner of India is rich in biomass and waste resources and equal effort needs to be put in for using such resources and experiences in the last two decades has shown that use of locally available biomass resources can provide a sustainable solution for meeting the total energy needs of villages.

Indian farmers have huge experience in planting sugarcane crops. Therefore, sugar industry has been the most advanced processing industry in the agricultural sector in India, which is playing a vital role in the economic development of the nation.

Generally, sugar cane tops are processed to get sugar and the leaves are burnt in the field. Sugarcane leaves, a scattered biomass, if processed into char can be used as one of the cheapest way to meet the energy demand of villages. The Pune-based NGO ARTI has developed a special coker that works on such charcoals.

In the light of the above, it was planned to work on processing of suagecane leaves to form charcoal i.e briquetting leaves into charcoal. The cane leaveswere pyrolysed at different temperatures, ground and then pressed into pellets. The calorific value of sauch pellets was then measured with the oxygen bomb calorimeter.

Feed stock collection and preparation

We collected diferent samples of cane leaves, both green and dry from the western region of Kolhapur. The leaves are dried in the sun on an open platform to remove the moisture content.

The leaes were then cut into small pieces, with dimensions nearly about 1 cm x 1.5 cm. Chopped leaves were kept in three different tins. Two of them have perforated bottom with 3 and 25 holes. The tins were then introduced in the Muffle furnace for thermo-chemical decomposition.

It was observed that perforated tins showed good efficiency because in this case gases produced during the pyrolysis process may be escaped from the bottom surface instead of moving in the upward direction and thereby affecting the pyrolytic temperature and adding unwanted byproducts in the material.

Pyrolysis/Carbonization

In order to optimize the carbonization temperature, the variation of weight of leaves with temperature was studied and Arrehenius and thermogravimetric plots were recorded. The Arrenhenius plot is shown in figure 1.

The present thermal reactions can be represented as

where <def-item><term>Δ w</term><def><p>Rate of weight change of the reacting material</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>A</term><def><p>Arrenhenius constant</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>E<sub>a</sub></term><def><p>activation energy of the reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>k</term><def><p>Boltzmann constant</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>T</term><def><p>is the temperature</p></def></def-item></def-list></p><p>The above equation can be written as <disp-formula id="ueqn002"><div className="body-img"><img width="100%" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></div></disp-formula></p><p>The plot of 1n (Δw) <italic>vs</italic> 1/T gives the kinetics of the pyrolytic reaction taing place. The plot showed the two distinct regions with different activastion energies. The activation energy is lower for the region I than the region II.</p><p>If the pyrolysis is carried out in temperature region II, most of the volatiles will get evaporated from the sample, leaving behind only fixed solids. However, the good charcoal should always contain some amount of volatiles. Therefore, pyrolysis was carried out in the region I for longer duration. From the graph, it was observed that the phase change occurs at around 175°C. Therefore pyrolysis was carried out in the temperature range 160°C to 225°C. This was also confirmed by the thermogravimetric graph.</p><p><fig id="ufig002" position="anchor"><div className="body-img"><img width="100%" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /></div></fig>The variation of percentage weight of biomass with time for different temperatures viz. 160°C, 175°C and 190°C was also studied and is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig002">Figure 2</xref>. Rapid decrease in weight was observed after 10 minutes. The weight loss was less for the 160°C.</p><p>After pyrolysing the leaves in the Muffle furnace for predetermined time, the samples were taken out, cooled and then ground with ball miller in order to reduce the particle size suitable for briquetting process. This was followed by grinding in agate mortar. The powder was seived with mesh seive size m.</p><p>Manually operated pressing unit of capacity 25 tonnes was used to press the pyrolysed powder into pellets. In the present work, pressure of 7 tonnes was applied and stainless steel die was used. SIze of the briquette was 254 mm and depth varied from 3mm to 4 mm.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Calorific value of the briquettes

The Calorific value of the briquettes was measured with the Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter using the following relation.

Where, <def-item><term>T</term><def><p>Final rise in temperature in degree Celsius</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>M</term><def><p>Mass of sample in grams</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>W</term><def><p>Water equivalent in calories per degree Celsius</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CV<sub>T</sub></term><def><p>Calorifdic value of thread =21 cal</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CV<sub>W</sub></term><def><p>calorific value of ignition wire = 9.32 cal</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CV<sub>S</sub></term><def><p>calorific value of sample</p></def></def-item></def-list></p><p>The rise in temperature after firing in the bomb was noted and the calorific value for different samples was calculated using the equation above. The calorific values of the samples are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref>. <table-wrap id="tab001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Calorific values recorded for different samples</p></caption><table><thead><tr><th>Sample</th><th align="center">Pyrolysis temp. (°C)</th><th align="center">Pyrolysis Time (Hours)</th><th align="center">Weight (mg)</th><th align="center">Temperature Rise (°C)</th><th align="center">Calorific value (cal/gm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">1.</td><td align="center" valign="top">160 (A)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">710</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.45</td><td align="center" valign="top">4701</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">2.</td><td align="center" valign="top">160 (B)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">610</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.25</td><td align="center" valign="top">4710</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">3.</td><td align="center" valign="top">175 (A)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">660</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.33</td><td align="center" valign="top">4635</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">4.</td><td align="center" valign="top">175 (B)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">580</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.27</td><td align="center" valign="top">5034</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">5.</td><td align="center" valign="top">225 (A)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">600</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.36</td><td align="center" valign="top">5215</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">6.</td><td align="center" valign="top">225 (B)</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td><td align="center" valign="top">670</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.53</td><td align="center" valign="top">5260</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">7.</td><td align="center" valign="top">Dry Leaves (F)</td><td align="center" valign="top">1</td><td align="center" valign="top">675</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.35</td><td align="center" valign="top">4600</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">8.</td><td align="center" valign="top">Green Leaves (F)</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.</td><td align="center" valign="top">750</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.45</td><td align="center" valign="top">4451</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">F: Pyrolysis carried at the field</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">A: Tin with three holes at the bottom</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">B: Tin with 25 holes at the bottom</td></tr></tfoot></table></table-wrap></p><p>From the <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref> it is observed that <list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Calorific value is higher for the sample pyrolysedat 225°C.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The pyrolysis was carried out in the stainless steeltin with different number of holes in order to escape the gases produced during the process and the calorific value is observed to be little higher for tin B than for tin A.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The pyrolysis was also carried at the field forgreen as well as for dry leaves in locally available tins. The calorific value was observed to be maximum for dry leaves. However, the calorific value is lower than that for the laboratory prepared samples. Hence, it is concluded that if the process is carried out at optimized temperatures with precise control over it, one could have charcoal with energy density values.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The calorific value of the briquettes is very muchclose to that reported for coal, 5400 cal/gm.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Thus we have successfully briquetted the scattered biomasss into high energy density materials, which has the potential applications as a fuel for cooking with improved cookstoves and also as a feed for biomass gasifiers.</p></list-item></list></p><p>We have concentrated our work on using these briquettes for gasifiers and testing the output gases.</p></sec></article></body></html>

Studies on briquetting of sugarcane leaves into char