Monieziasis and its Association with the Pathogenesis of Enterotoxaemia in Small Ruminants

Enterotoxaemia, also known as overeating disease, is a condition caused by the absorption of a large amount of toxins of Clostridium perfringens types C and D from the intestine. Clostridium perfringens types C and D bacteria is normally found in the soil and as part of the normal commensal micro flora in the intestinal tract of the healthy sheep and goat. Under certain conditions, these bacteria multiply in the gut, producing lethal quantities of epsilon toxin that causes vascular damage and the damage to the nervous system manifesting diarrhoea, convulsions, depression, paralysis and sudden death.

The main factors responsible for the pathogenicity of enterotoxaemia are the presence of organism in the intestine, sudden turning of sheep and goat from roughages to grain-rich fodder, heavy milk feeding, factors that causes intestinal stasis and slowing of alimentary tract movement and heavy infestation of tape worms in the intestines, favouring proliferation of bacteria, production and absorption of toxins. To determine the actual cause, a study was carried out in four groups, from 2007–09 under different situations in 12,187 sheep and 187 goats covering 20 mandals of Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh. Group I, sheep were dewormed either with levamisole or oxyclozanide or rafoxanide or any of these combinations and vaccinated with enterotoxaemia vaccine after a 7 day deworming. Group II were only vaccinated with enterotoxaemia vaccine. Group III were only dewormed with 10% niclosamide and 2.5% albendazole @ 50 mg and 15 mg/kg body weight, during spring and summer. Group IV sheep were dewormed with niclosamide and albendazole after the occurrence of enterotoxaemia. In Group I and II, outbreak of enterotoxaemia were reported Enterotoxaemia, also known as overeating and these animals were dewormed again with disease, is a condition caused by the absorption niclosamide and albendazole. In Group I and II, of a large amount of toxins of Clostridium the Enterotoxaemia outbreak was controlled perfringens types C and D from the intestine. within 48 hours. In Group III and IV, there was no Clostridium perfringens types C and D bacteria is occurrence of enterotoxaemia since 3 years after normally found in the soil and as part of the normal periodic and regular dosing of niclosamide and commensal micro flora in the intestinal tract of the albendazole. The clinical trials revealed the healthy sheep and goat. Under certain conditions, infestation of Moniezia expansa in sheep and these bacteria multiply in the gut, producing lethal goat associated with the pathogenicity of quantities of epsilon toxin that causes vascular Enterotoxaemia. damage and the damage to the nervous system