Evaluation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. for their antifungal and antioxidant activities

This comprehensive research endeavor was undertaken to delve into the isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from Capparis decidua, specifically focusing on their potential contributions to antifungal and antioxidant activities. The meticulously examined endophytes, identified as Staphylococcus pasteuri, S. warneri, and Staphylococcus sp., underwent a rigorous assessment. Their crude extracts demonstrated considerable potency, manifesting significant antifungal efficacy against various Candida species, as indicated by well-defined inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations spanning 6.51 ± 166 μg/mL. Furthermore, these extracts exhibited noteworthy antioxidant potential in DPPH assays, showcasing IC₅₀ values ranging between 94.01 ± 1.40 and 186.73 ± 1.30 μg/mL. The qualitative analysis substantiated the presence of bioactive compounds, encompassing flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Through meticulous metabolite identification using Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques, specific compounds previously associated with antifungal and antioxidant properties were unveiled. These compelling findings underscore the therapeutic promise encapsulated within endophytic bacteria derived from Capparis decidua. The harmonious alignment of robust antifungal and antioxidant activities with the identified bioactive metabolites offers valuable insights for the exploration of natural sources, potentially paving the way for impactful applications in pharmaceutical research.