1Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Jaipur, India
10Department of Food Technology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
11Desert Agriculture and Ecosystem Department, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
12Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India
13Research and Innovation Cell, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab, India
2Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
3Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Dr YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, India
4ICAR-Indian Agriculture Statistical Research Institute, New Delhi, India
5Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
6Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
7Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
8Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, India
9Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author Devendra Singh, Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India, E-mail: devendrasingh.ibst@srmu.ac.in
**Ajar Nath Yadav, Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: ajar@eternaluniversity.edu.in
Online published on 11 December, 2025.
Biofilms can be defined as an organized group of micro-organisms living within a self-produced matrix of polymeric substances that get attached to several surfaces. It becomes apparent that these microbial collectives are present in practically all environments. Planktonic bacteria can exhibit a 10-1,000-fold increase in antibiotic resistance compared to their biofilm-dwelling counterparts. These bacteria’ interactions with surfaces have significant effects on a number of different domains, including the creation of biofilms, biofouling, bioenergy, and infections in plants and animals. The microbial interactions have led to differential gene expression that affects cell behavior and morphology that comprise genes responsible for surface attachment and motility. The formation of biofilm structure is controlled by growth conditions, substratum, and cell surface that ideally provides an environment for the exchange of genetic material between the cells. So far, attention has been gathered on phenotypes as the system utilized by microbes for responding to surfaces is not well known. Hence, the mechanism underlying the promotion and inhibition of cell growth on new classes of materials will help in understanding complement studies and the physiology of microbes adhering to the surfaces.
Biofilm, Biofouling, Material Surfaces, Microbes, Surface Attachment
