Impact of Thermal Heat Stress on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Animals in Respect of Climate Changes-A review

Environmental stress significantly impacts the productive and reproductive performance of dairy animals, which affecting the overall herd profitability and their sustainability. This study reveals that the effects of various environmental stressors such as heat, humidity and dietary factors on milk production, fertility and animal health in both species. High ambient temperature and humidity compromise the thermoregulation mechanisms in animals, thereby reducing in feed intake, altering the metabolism and reducing the milk yield. In addition, heat stress negatively impacts on reproductive processes, leading to irregular estrus cycles, reduced conception rates and increased embryonic mortality. Nutritional stress exacerbates these effects, with imbalances in diet composition compromising metabolic health and productivity. Strategies those mitigate environmental stress include nutritional management, shade provision and improved ventilation systems, aimed at enhancing animal comfort and performance. Understanding the interactions between environmental stressors and physiological responses is important for developing sustainable management practices that optimize dairy production and reproductive outcomes in challenging climates. Reduced fertility in dairy animals causes huge economic losses worldwide. Nutritional and management like cooling systems and ventilation strategies are used to reduce the negative impact of environmental stress on dairy animals. This study attempts to bring outcomes the effects of heat stress and discuss their impact on dairy cows and buffaloes.

⓿ Thermal stress is a major environmental challenge affecting the productivity, fertility and health of dairy animals.

⓿ Increasing heat waves due to climate change disrupt metabolism, hormonal balance and behavior, reducing milk yield and reproductive efficiency.