Standardisation of smartphone fundus imaging in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The present study was done to standardise the technique of cost-effective fundus imaging in camels using a smartphone fundus imaging assembly made from locally available materials such as PVC pipe, sand paper, glue, electrical insulation tape, smartphone with it's back cover and 20 D condensing lens. The camels were examined in sternal and lateral recumbency. The fundus images were recorded in continuous video mode and later on screenshot of desired images were taken from videos. The camels were more convenient in sternal recumbency as compared to lateral. The assembly was held perpendicular to the cornea. During examination, continuous eye globe movement and nictitating membrane covering cornea and sometimes damaged part of pupillary ruff were major constraints. The technique was cost effective, transportable and good quality fundus images were obtained.